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Our Legacy
Apollo Institute of Nephrology has been at the forefront of kidney care in India. We have built a legacy of trust and innovation, establishing ourselves as one of the country's leading nephrology hospital networks. Our commitment to excellence is reflected in the comprehensive care we provide.
- Full range of renal services including hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, and transplant care
- Pioneering work in nephrology procedures and treatments
- Highly skilled team of nephrologists, transplant surgeons, and support staff
- State-of-the-art facilities for nephropathology and dialysis
- Treatment of patients from across India
- Recognition as one of India's best kidney care hospital networks
- 5-10 SLEDD and 3-5 CRRT procedures weekly
- 5-8 kidney biopsies conducted weekly
- 10-20 temporary/permanent vascular access placements weekly
Why Choose Apollo Institute of Nephrology ?
Our Expert Team – Top Nephrologists in India
Our world-class team comprises highly skilled specialists including:
- Nephrologists
Nephrology
Transplants
Transplants
17+ years ,
MBBS, MD (Internal Medicine), DNB (Nephrology), Clinical Hypertension Specialist (ASH), Fellow Renal Transplant (AST), Fellow Home Dialysis (Ottawa)
Common Kidney Conditions
- Acute kidney injury
- Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)
- Kidney Stones
- Glomerulonephritis
- Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD)
- Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)
- Kidney Cancer
Acute kidney injury
Acute kidney failure, also known as acute kidney injury (AKI), is a sudden decline in kidney function that occurs within a week. It happens when the kidneys are no longer able to filter waste products from the blood, or to balance fluids and electrolytes.
Causes include severe illness, major surgery, or certain medications.
AKI causes kidney damage or failure within a short period of time. AKI may damage other organs as well, such as the heart, lungs, and brain. In severe cases, temporary dialysis may be required. AKI can be reversible if caught early but may lead to chronic kidney disease if not promptly addressed.Symptoms:
- Decreased urine output
- Fluid retention causing swelling in legs, ankles, or feet
- Shortness of breath
- Fatigue
- Confusion
- Nausea
- Chest pain or pressure
- Seizures in severe cases
Diagnostic Approaches:
- Blood tests to measure creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
- Urine output monitoring
- Urinalysis to check for blood or abnormal cells
- Imaging studies like ultrasound to check for obstruction
- Kidney biopsy in some cases
Treatment Options:
- Treating the underlying cause (e.g., sepsis, dehydration)
- Stopping medications that may be causing kidney damage
- Intravenous fluids to maintain proper hydration
- Medications to control blood potassium levels
- Dialysis in severe cases
Follow-up Care:
- Regular monitoring of kidney function through blood tests
- Follow-up with a nephrologist, especially if kidney function doesn't fully recover
- Monitoring for development of chronic kidney disease
- Avoiding nephrotoxic medications
- Education on maintaining kidney health
Treatment for AKI depends on the cause and aims to restore normal kidney function. Treatment would include restricting fluids and diet, medications, or dialysis.
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)
Chronic Kidney Disease is a progressive condition characterized by gradual loss of kidney function over time. Often caused by diabetes or high blood pressure, CKD can lead to complications like anemia and cardiovascular problems. Early stages of CKD may have no symptoms or mild symptoms, but as the condition worsens, symptoms may become more severe.
Causes of Chronic kidney disease
A gradual loss of kidney function is caused by long-term conditions, such as:
- Diabetes
- High blood pressure
- Inflammation in the kidney
- Polycystic kidney disease
- Autoimmune diseases
- Defects present at birth
- Long-term use of certain medications, such as NSAIDs
- Exposure to toxins, such as lead poisoning
Symptoms:
- Fatigue
- Swelling in legs and ankles
- Changes in urination patterns
- High blood pressure
- Anemia
- Poor appetite
- Nausea
- Trouble concentrating
- Numbness in hands or feet
Diagnostic Approaches:
- Blood tests to measure urea , creatinine and calculate estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)
- Urine tests to check for protein (albumin) and calculate urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR)
- Imaging tests like ultrasound or CT scan to assess kidney structure
- Kidney biopsy in some cases
Treatment Options:
- Medications to control underlying conditions like diabetes and high blood pressure
- ACE inhibitors or ARBs to protect kidney function
- Dietary changes to limit sodium, potassium, and phosphorus intake
- Treatment for anemia, if present
- In advanced stages, dialysis or kidney transplant
Follow-up Care:
- Regular monitoring of kidney function through blood and urine tests
- Blood pressure checks
- Adjustment of medications as needed
- Referral to a nephrologist
- Education on lifestyle modifications and diet
Kidney Stones
Kidney stones are hard deposits of minerals and salts inside the kidneys. They can range from tiny grains to large stones. Kidney stones usually come out of the body during urination. Passing kidney stones can be extremely painful, but they rarely cause significant problems.
Symptoms:
- Severe pain in the side, back, lower abdomen, or groin
- Pain that comes in waves and fluctuates in intensity
- Pink, red, or brown urine
- Cloudy or foul-smelling urine
- Nausea and vomiting
- Frequent urination
- Urinating small amounts
Diagnostic Approaches:
- Urinalysis to check for blood and crystals
- Blood tests to assess kidney function and look for high levels of calcium or uric acid
- Imaging studies such as CT scan, ultrasound, or X-ray to visualize stones
Treatment Options:
- Pain management with prescription medications
- Increased fluid intake to help pass small stones
- Medical expulsive therapy using alpha-blockers
- Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) to break up larger stones
- Ureteroscopy to remove or break up stones
- Percutaneous nephrolithotomy for larger stones
Follow-up Care:
- Follow-up imaging to ensure all stones have passed
- 24-hour urine collection to identify risk factors for stone formation
- Dietary modifications based on stone composition
- Increased fluid intake to prevent recurrence
- Medications to prevent stone formation in high-risk individuals
Glomerulonephritis
Glomerulonephritis is inflammation of the kidney's filtering units (glomeruli). Glomeruli are extremely small filtering units inside the kidneys that filter the blood. Glomerulonephritis can be caused by infections, drugs, or disorders that occur during or shortly after birth (congenital abnormalities). It often gets better on its own. Some forms respond well to treatment, while others may progress to chronic kidney disease. Regular monitoring is essential for managing the condition effectively.
Symptoms:
- Blood in urine (hematuria)
- Foamy urine due to excess protein (proteinuria)
- High blood pressure
- Fluid retention causing swelling (edema)
- Fatigue
- Decreased urine output in severe cases
Diagnostic Approaches:
- Urinalysis to check for blood and protein
- Blood tests to assess kidney function and look for signs of inflammation
- Imaging studies like ultrasound to evaluate kidney size and structure
- Kidney biopsy to determine the specific type of glomerulonephritis
Treatment Options:
- Corticosteroids to reduce inflammation
- Immunosuppressive medications in some cases
- Blood pressure medications, especially ACE inhibitors or ARBs
- Diuretics to reduce fluid retention
- Treatment of underlying conditions (e.g., infections, autoimmune diseases)
Follow-up Care:
- Regular monitoring of kidney function and urine protein levels
- Blood pressure management
- Adjustment of medications as needed
- Monitoring for side effects of immunosuppressive medications
- Dietary modifications, such as limiting salt intake
Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD)
Polycystic kidney disease is a genetic disorder that causes numerous cysts (small sacs of fluid) to grow in the kidneys. These cysts can interfere with kidney function and cause kidney failure. It can lead to enlarged kidneys and impaired function over time. It’s important to note that individual kidney cysts are fairly common and almost always harmless. Polycystic kidney disease is a distinct more serious condition. As the disease advances, dialysis or kidney transplantation may be necessary.
Symptoms:
- High blood pressure
- Back or side pain
- Blood in urine
- Kidney stones
- Enlarged abdomen
- Headaches
- Urinary tract infections
Diagnostic Approaches:
- Imaging studies such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI to visualize kidney cysts
- Genetic testing to confirm the diagnosis and determine the type of PKD
- Blood tests to assess kidney function
- Urinalysis to check for blood or protein in urine
Treatment Options:
- Blood pressure control with ACE inhibitors or ARBs
- Pain management
- Treatment of urinary tract infections
- Tolvaptan to slow cyst growth in some patients
- Dialysis or kidney transplant in advanced stages
Follow-up Care:
- Regular monitoring of kidney function and cyst growth
- Blood pressure management
- Screening for complications such as aneurysms
- Genetic counseling for family members
- Lifestyle modifications, including a low-salt diet and adequate hydration
Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)
Kidney infections, also known as pyelonephritis, are a type of urinary tract infection (UTI) that occurs when bacteria, and sometimes fungi or viruses, infect one or both kidneys. This condition can be serious and may require immediate medical attention, especially if it spreads to the bloodstream.
Causes:
Infections: Most commonly caused by Escherichia coli (E. coli), which originates in the gastrointestinal tract and travels up the urinary tract.
Spread from Lower UTIs: Often starts as a bladder infection (cystitis) and progresses to the kidneys.
Blockage or Obstruction: Kidney stones, enlarged prostate, or other obstructions in the urinary tract can increase the risk.
Catheters or Medical Devices: Increases the likelihood of infections.
Weakened Immune System: Conditions like diabetes, or use of immunosuppressive drugs, can raise susceptibility.
Symptoms:
High fever and chills.
Pain in the back, side (flank), or lower abdomen.
Frequent or painful urination (dysuria).
Cloudy, foul-smelling, or bloody urine.
Nausea or vomiting.
Fatigue or malaise.
The elderly may present with confusion or altered mental status instead of typical symptoms.
Women are more prone as they have a shorter urethra, making it easier for bacteria to reach the bladder and kidneys.Pregnancy causes hormonal and anatomical changes that increase vulnerability.Obstructions such as Stones, tumors, or anatomical abnormalities lead to increase in risk.Poor glycemic control in diabetics can fuel bacterial growth.
Complications:
Sepsis: A life-threatening condition if the infection spreads to the bloodstream.
Kidney Abscess: Pockets of pus can form in or around the kidney.
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD):Prolonged or repeated infections may lead to scarring and long-term damage.
Pregnancy Complications: Can lead to preterm labor or low birth weight if untreated.
Diagnostic Approaches:
- Urinalysis to check for bacteria and white blood cells
- Urine culture to identify the specific bacteria causing the infection
- Imaging studies like CT or ultrasound if recurrent infections occur
Treatment Options:
- Antibiotics tailored to the specific bacteria
- Pain relievers for discomfort
- Increased fluid intake to help flush out bacteria
- In recurrent cases, low-dose antibiotics for prevention
Follow-up Care:
- Completion of prescribed antibiotic course
- Follow-up urine tests to ensure the infection has cleared
- Lifestyle changes to prevent recurrence (e.g., proper hygiene, staying hydrated)
- Investigation of underlying causes in recurrent cases
Kidney Cancer
Kidney cancer is an abnormal growth of cells in the kidneys. It occurs when cells in the kidneys grow out of control, forming a tumour. It's most common in people over 65 and is twice as likely to affect men than women.
Symptoms:
- Blood in urine (hematuria)
- Persistent pain in the side or lower back
- Unexplained weight loss
- Fatigue
- Fever not caused by infection
- High blood pressure that's difficult to control
Diagnostic Approaches:
- Physical examination and medical history review
- Blood and urine tests to check kidney function
- Imaging studies like CT scans, MRI, or ultrasound
- Kidney biopsy in some cases to confirm diagnosis
Treatment Options:
- Surgery (partial or radical nephrectomy)
- Ablation therapies for small tumours
- Targeted drug therapies
- Immunotherapy
- Radiation therapy in certain cases
Follow-up Care:
- Regular imaging scans to monitor for recurrence
- Blood tests to check kidney function
- Management of side effects from treatment
- Lifestyle modifications to reduce risk factors
Diagnostics and Tests
Apollo Institute of Nephrology offers a comprehensive range of diagnostic tests and procedures to assess kidney function and detect various renal disorders. Here's a detailed overview of the diagnostics and tests available:
Treatments
- Clinical Nephrology
- Renal Replacement Therapies
- Kidney Transplantation
- Interventional Procedures
- Critical Care Nephrology
- Pediatric Nephro-Urology
- Nephropathology
- HLA typing
- Immunohistochemistry
- Drug level monitoring
Clinical Nephrology
Apollo Institute of Nephrology offers comprehensive clinical nephrology services, providing expert care for patients with various kidney-related conditions.
1. Management of All Kidney Disorders
The clinical nephrology team at Apollo specializes in diagnosing and treating a wide range of kidney disorders, including:
- Acute kidney injury
- Chronic kidney disease (CKD)
- Glomerulonephritis
- Diabetic nephropathy
- Hypertensive kidney disease
- Polycystic kidney disease
- Lupus nephritis
- Kidney stones
The team employs a multidisciplinary approach, utilizing advanced diagnostic tools such as kidney biopsies and specialized imaging techniques to accurately diagnose and stage kidney diseases. Treatment plans are tailored to each patient's specific condition and may include medication management, dietary modifications, and when necessary, renal replacement therapies.
Benefits:
- Early detection and intervention to slow disease progression
- Personalized treatment plans based on individual patient needs
- Access to cutting-edge therapies and clinical trials
- Comprehensive care from a team of specialists
2. Counseling for Kidney Diseases
Apollo Institute of Nephrology places a strong emphasis on patient education and counseling. Dedicated counselors work closely with patients and their families to provide:
- Detailed information about kidney diseases and their management
- Guidance on lifestyle modifications to support kidney health
- Emotional support and coping strategies
- Education on treatment options and their implications
Benefits:
- Improved patient understanding and adherence to treatment plans
- Enhanced quality of life through better disease management
- Reduced anxiety and improved mental well-being
- Empowerment of patients to actively participate in their care
3. Treatment of Associated Conditions
Kidney diseases often coexist with or lead to other health complications. The clinical nephrology team at Apollo provides comprehensive care for these associated conditions, including:
- Hypertension management
- Diabetes care and prevention of diabetic nephropathy
- Anemia treatment
- Bone and mineral disorders
- Cardiovascular complications
- Electrolyte imbalances
Benefits:
- Comprehensive care addressing all aspects of kidney-related health
- Reduced risk of complications through proactive management
- Improved overall health and quality of life
- Coordinated care across multiple specialties for complex cases
Renal Replacement Therapies
Apollo Institute of Nephrology offers comprehensive Renal Replacement Therapies (RRT) for patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) or severe acute kidney injury. These advanced treatments are designed to replace the normal blood-filtering function of the kidneys when they can no longer perform adequately. The institute provides a range of RRT options to suit individual patient needs, ensuring optimal care and improved quality of life for those with kidney failure.
1. 24-hour Dialysis Unit
Apollo's 24-hour Dialysis Unit is a state-of-the-art facility that provides round-the-clock dialysis services to patients with acute and chronic kidney failure. This unit is equipped with modern dialysis machines and staffed by experienced nephrologists, dialysis technicians, and nurses.
Key features:
- Continuous availability for emergency dialysis needs
- Flexible scheduling to accommodate patient lifestyles
- Strict infection control protocols
- Regular monitoring and adjustment of treatment plans
Benefits:
- Immediate access to life-saving treatment for acute kidney injury
- Reduced hospitalization rates for chronic dialysis patients
- Improved patient comfort and convenience
- Enhanced ability to manage dialysis-related complications promptly
Types of dialysis
1. Hemodialysis
Hemodialysis is a common form of RRT where blood is filtered outside the body using a dialysis machine. Apollo's hemodialysis service utilizes advanced technology to provide efficient and comfortable treatments.
Process:
- Blood is drawn from the patient through a vascular access point
- The blood passes through a dialyzer (artificial kidney) that removes waste and excess fluids
- The cleaned blood is returned to the patient's body
Features:
- High-flux dialyzers for improved toxin removal
- Ultrapure dialysis water systems
- Individualized dialysis prescriptions
- Regular vascular access care and monitoring
Benefits:
- Effective removal of waste products and excess fluids
- Better control of blood pressure and anemia
- Improved overall health and quality of life
- Reduced risk of dialysis-related complications
Peritoneal Dialysis (PD) is a home-based dialysis option that uses the patient's peritoneum as a natural filter. Apollo provides comprehensive training and support for patients opting for PD.
Types offered:
- Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis (CAPD)
- Automated Peritoneal Dialysis (APD)
Key components:
- Personalized PD prescription and monitoring
- Patient and caregiver training programs
- Regular home visits by PD nurses
- 24/7 support for PD-related issues
Benefits:
- Greater independence and flexibility in daily life
- Preservation of residual kidney function
- Reduced dietary and fluid restrictions compared to hemodialysis
- Lower risk of bloodstream infections
3. Hemodiafiltration
Hemodiafiltration (HDF) is an advanced form of hemodialysis that combines diffusion and convection principles for enhanced waste removal. Apollo offers online HDF, where the replacement used in the procedure is generated in real time during the dialysis session.
Process:
- Combines standard hemodialysis with hemofiltration
- Uses high-flux membranes and increased fluid exchange
- Removes both small and large molecular-weight toxins
Features:
- Real time production of ultrapure replacement fluid
- High-volume HDF for maximum efficiency
- Advanced monitoring systems for treatment optimization
Benefits:
- Superior removal of middle and large molecular weight toxins
- Improved cardiovascular stability during treatment
- Better phosphate control and reduced medication needs
- Potential for improved long-term survival rates compared to standard hemodialysis
Kidney Transplantation
Kidney transplantation at Apollo Institute of Nephrology represents the gold standard treatment for end-stage renal disease (ESRD). This surgical procedure involves transplanting a healthy kidney from a donor into a patient with kidney failure. Apollo's transplant program is renowned for its excellence, combining surgical expertise with comprehensive pre- and post-transplant care to ensure optimal outcomes for patients.
1. Living Donor Transplantation
Living donor transplantation involves the transplantation of a kidney from a living donor, typically a close relative or a compatible volunteer, to the recipient.
Key aspects:
- Extensive donor evaluation to ensure suitability and safety
- Advanced tissue typing and cross-matching for optimal donor-recipient compatibility
- Minimally invasive laparoscopic donor nephrectomy when possible
- Comprehensive donor and recipient education programs
- Long-term follow-up care for both donor and recipient
Benefits:
- Shorter waiting times compared to cadaveric transplantation
- Better long-term graft survival rates
- Ability to schedule the transplant surgery in advance
- Opportunity for pre-emptive transplantation before dialysis becomes necessary
- Excellent kidney function immediately after transplantation in most cases
2. Cadaveric Transplantation
Cadaveric transplantation, also known as deceased donor transplantation, involves transplanting a kidney from a recently deceased donor to a recipient on the waiting list.
Key features:
- Collaboration with government committees and networks for efficient allocation
- 24/7 transplant team availability for organ retrieval and transplantation
- Rigorous organ quality assessment protocols
- Advanced preservation techniques to maintain organ viability
- Comprehensive recipient evaluation and preparation
Benefits:
- Provides hope for patients without a suitable living donor
- Allows for a larger pool of potential donors
- Opportunity for patients with rare tissue types to find a match
- Contributes to the broader organ donation ecosystem
- Can lead to successful outcomes comparable to living donor transplants with proper management
Post-transplant care at Apollo includes:
- Tailored immunosuppression regimens
- Regular follow-up appointments and monitoring
- Comprehensive patient education on medication adherence and lifestyle modifications
- Prompt management of any complications or rejection episodes
Interventional Procedures
The Apollo Institute of Nephrology offers a range of advanced interventional procedures to diagnose and treat various kidney conditions. These minimally invasive techniques allow for precise diagnosis, improved treatment outcomes, and reduced recovery times compared to traditional open surgeries.
Kidney biopsies are diagnostic procedures used to obtain small samples of kidney tissue for microscopic examination. This procedure is crucial for accurate diagnosis and treatment planning for various kidney diseases.
Read More About Kidney Biopsies
2. Long-term Vascular Access
Establishing and maintaining long-term vascular access is essential for patients requiring regular hemodialysis. Apollo's interventional nephrology team specializes in creating and managing various types of vascular access.
Types of access:
- Arteriovenous (AV) fistulas
- AV grafts
- Central venous catheters
Procedures offered:
Vascular Access
Vascular access refers to creating a connection between blood vessels for hemodialysis or other medical treatments. Two common types of vascular access are mentioned:
1.Arteriovenous (AV) Grafts:
A synthetic tube is surgically implanted to connect an artery and a vein. Used when a patient’s veins are not suitable for an arteriovenous fistula (AV fistula).Provides reliable access for dialysis.
2.Central Venous Catheters:
A temporary or semi-permanent catheter inserted into a large vein (e.g., neck, chest, or groin).Used for immediate or short-term dialysis access when other options are unavailable.
Procedures Offered:
1.Fistula or Graft Creation Surgery:
AV Fistula: Directly connects an artery and vein, providing long-term access for hemodialysis.
AV Graft: Uses a synthetic tube to create a connection for patients with unsuitable veins.
2.Angioplasty for Stenosis:
A minimally invasive procedure to widen narrowed blood vessels. Restores blood flow in a narrowed AV fistula or graft.
3.Thrombectomy for Clotted Access:
Removal of blood clots that block vascular access points. Ensures continued use of the access for dialysis.
4.Stent Placement for Recurrent Stenosis:
A stent (a small mesh tube) is placed in a blood vessel to keep it open. Used for cases where narrowing (stenosis) recurs despite angioplasty.
3. Renal Angioplasty and Stenting
Renal angioplasty and stenting are minimally invasive procedures used to treat renal artery stenosis, a condition where the arteries supplying blood to the kidneys become narrowed.
4. Permacath Insertion
Permacath insertion involves the placement of a tunneled central venous catheter for long-term hemodialysis access, particularly in patients awaiting fistula maturation or those unsuitable for other access types.
Critical Care Nephrology
Critical Care Nephrology at Apollo Institute of Nephrology provides specialized care for patients with acute kidney injuries and related complications in intensive care settings. The department combines expertise in nephrology and critical care medicine to manage complex renal conditions in critically ill patients.
1. Management of acute renal failure in ICU
This involves rapid assessment and intervention for acute kidney injury in critically ill patients. Utilizes advanced monitoring techniques and renal replacement therapies as needed. Focuses on preserving residual kidney function and preventing further damage. Customises treatment to underlying causes while managing associated complications.
Read More About Management of Renal Failure
2. Treatment of volume disturbances
Precise management of fluid balance in critically ill patients with kidney dysfunction. Employs advanced hemodynamic monitoring to guide fluid therapy and diuretic use. Utilizes ultrafiltration techniques when necessary to manage fluid overload. Aims to optimize organ perfusion while preventing pulmonary edema and other complications.
3. Management of electrolyte and acid-base disorders
A comprehensive approach to correcting electrolyte imbalances and acid-base disturbances. Utilizes continuous monitoring and frequent laboratory assessments to guide therapy. Implements targeted interventions, including electrolyte replacement and buffer therapy. Addresses underlying causes while preventing arrhythmias and other associated complications.
4. Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy (CRRT)
Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy (CRRT) is a type of dialysis treatment used primarily for critically ill patients with acute kidney injury (AKI), especially when they are hemodynamically unstable (e.g., low blood pressure). Unlike conventional dialysis, CRRT is performed continuously over 24 hours to provide a slow, gentle process of fluid and waste removal, making it ideal for unstable patients in intensive care settings.
How CRRT Works: CRRT uses an extracorporeal (outside the body) circuit to remove blood, filter it through a dialysis or hemofiltration membrane, and return the cleaned blood to the patient.
It helps manage:
- Fluid overload
- Electrolyte imbalances (e.g., hyperkalemia)
- Acidosis
- Toxin removal
Types of CRRT:
There are four main types of CRRT, depending on how fluids and solutes are removed:
Continuous Veno-Venous Hemofiltration (CVVH):Removes solutes through convection (solvent drag) and primarily targets middle- and large-molecular-weight toxins. Requires the addition of replacement fluid to maintain balance.
Continuous Veno-Venous Hemodialysis (CVVHD):Removes solutes via diffusion (concentration gradient) to clear smaller molecules like urea and creatinine. Dialysate fluid flows countercurrent to the blood for effective clearance.
Continuous Veno-Venous Hemodiafiltration (CVVHDF):Combines diffusion and convection to maximize the removal of small, middle, and large solutes. Involves both replacement fluid and dialysate.
Slow Continuous Ultrafiltration (SCUF):Focuses on fluid removal without significant solute clearance. Useful for managing fluid overload in patients without severe waste accumulation.
5. Hemaabsorption
Specialized blood purification technique to remove specific toxins or inflammatory mediators. Utilizes adsorbent materials to selectively remove harmful substances from the blood. Particularly useful in managing sepsis, drug overdoses, and certain autoimmune conditions. Can be combined with other extracorporeal therapies for enhanced efficacy.
6. Plasmapheresis
Therapeutic procedure that separates and removes plasma from the blood. Used to treat autoimmune disorders, thrombotic microangiopathies, and certain intoxications. Removes harmful antibodies, immune complexes, and other pathogenic factors from circulation. Can be performed in conjunction with plasma exchange to replace removed plasma with donor plasma or albumin.
7. Extracorporeal therapies (including MARS)
Advanced blood purification techniques for managing liver failure and associated complications. Molecular Adsorbent Recirculating System (MARS) provides liver support by removing albumin-bound toxins. Other therapies include plasma exchange and albumin dialysis for various indications. Aims to bridge patients to liver transplantation or recovery of native liver function.
Pediatric Nephro-Urology
Apollo Institute of Nephrology provides specialized care for children with kidney and urinary tract disorders. This multidisciplinary team combines expertise in pediatric nephrology and urology to offer comprehensive diagnosis, treatment, and long-term management of congenital and acquired renal conditions in infants, children, and adolescents.
Nephropathology
Specialized laboratory for microscopic examination of kidney tissue samples. Utilizes advanced techniques for accurate diagnosis of kidney diseases and transplant rejection. Provides detailed analysis of kidney biopsies to guide treatment decisions. Employs expert pathologists with specific training in renal pathology.
HLA typing
Advanced genetic testing to determine human leukocyte antigen (HLA) profiles of donors and recipients. Utilizes molecular techniques for high-resolution HLA typing to optimize donor-recipient matching. Crucial for assessing transplant compatibility and predicting graft survival. Supports both living donor and deceased donor transplant programs.
Immunohistochemistry
Specialized technique for detecting specific proteins in kidney tissue samples. Aids in precise diagnosis of various kidney diseases and transplant rejection. Allows for visualization of immune cell infiltrates and disease-specific markers. Enhances diagnostic accuracy and helps guide targeted therapies.
Drug level monitoring
Precise measurement of immunosuppressive drug concentrations in patient blood samples. Ensures optimal dosing to prevent rejection while minimizing side effects. Utilizes advanced analytical techniques for accurate and timely results. Supports personalized immunosuppression regimens for transplant recipients.
Technology
- Imaging and Diagnostic Technologies
- Biopsy Techniques
- Diagnostic Procedures
- Advanced Biomarkers and Genomic Testing
- Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning
- Point-of-Care Testing (POCT):
- Dialysis and Renal Replacement Therapies
Imaging and Diagnostic Technologies
Imaging is crucial for evaluating the structure and function of the kidneys:
a) Ultrasound (Renal Sonography):
Purpose:
• Non-invasive, first-line imaging for assessing kidney size, shape, and abnormalities.
• Detects cysts, stones, obstructions, and tumors.
Read more about Ultrasound (Renal Sonography)
• Assesses blood flow to and from the kidneys.
Read more about Doppler Ultrasound
• CT KUB (Kidneys, Ureters, Bladder):
Identifies kidney stones, tumors, and structural abnormalities.
• CT Angiography:
Evaluates blood vessels in cases of suspected renal artery stenosis or vascular abnormalities.
Read more about Computed Tomography (CT)
c) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI):
Purpose:
• Offers detailed imaging without radiation.
• Used for evaluating complex kidney cysts, tumors, and vascular issues.
• MR Angiography (MRA):
• Non-invasive imaging of renal arteries.
Read more about Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
• Renal Scintigraphy:
Measures kidney perfusion and filtration.
• DMSA Scan:
Evaluates kidney function and scarring, often in pediatric cases
Biopsy Techniques
Renal Biopsy:
Purpose: A small tissue sample from the kidney is analyzed under a microscope.
Indications:
• Diagnose glomerulonephritis, lupus nephritis, or nephrotic syndrome.
• Evaluate unexplained kidney failure.
Guided Techniques:
• Performed under ultrasound or CT guidance for accuracy and safety.
Diagnostic Procedures
• Continuous monitoring for detecting hypertension, a leading cause and consequence of kidney disease.
• Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring (ABPM):
Tracks blood pressure over 24 hours to diagnose masked or nocturnal hypertension.
Read more about Blood Pressure Monitoring
b) Renal Angiography:
• Invasive imaging technique using contrast dye to evaluate renal arteries for stenosis or vascular abnormalities.
• Assesses bladder function in patients with urinary disorders related to kidney function.
Read more about Urodynamic Testing
d) Cystoscopy:
• Examines the bladder and lower urinary tract for obstructions or abnormalities.
Advanced Biomarkers and Genomic Testing
a) Advanced Biomarkers:
• NGAL (Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin):
Early detection of acute kidney injury (AKI).
• KIM-1 (Kidney Injury Molecule-1):
Marker for tubular injury in AKI.
• Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 (FGF23):
Assesses mineral metabolism in chronic kidney disease (CKD).
b) Genetic Testing:
• Identifies genetic conditions like polycystic kidney disease (PKD) or Alport syndrome.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning
a) Advanced Biomarkers:
• NGAL (Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin):
Early detection of acute kidney injury (AKI).
• KIM-1 (Kidney Injury Molecule-1):
Marker for tubular injury in AKI.
• Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 (FGF23):
Assesses mineral metabolism in chronic kidney disease (CKD).
b) Genetic Testing:
• Identifies genetic conditions like polycystic kidney disease (PKD) or Alport syndrome.
Point-of-Care Testing (POCT):
• Portable devices for quick assessment of kidney function in emergency settings.
• Examples include creatinine meters or electrolyte analyzers.
Dialysis and Renal Replacement Therapies
1. Advanced dialysis units for standard hemodialysis
Advanced dialysis units at Apollo Institute of Nephrology offer state-of-the-art hemodialysis treatment for patients with kidney failure. These units feature high-efficiency dialyzers, precise fluid and electrolyte management systems, and advanced monitoring capabilities. They provide options for high-flux and low-flux dialysis, tailored to individual patient needs. The units are equipped with ultrapure water systems to minimize the risk of contamination and inflammation.
2. Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy (CRRT) systems
CRRT systems provide continuous, gentle dialysis for critically ill patients with acute kidney injury or fluid overload. These systems operate 24/7, slowly removing waste products and excess fluids from the blood. They offer various modalities such as continuous venovenous hemofiltration (CVVH), hemodialysis (CVVHD), and hemodiafiltration (CVVHDF). CRRT is particularly beneficial for hemodynamically unstable patients who cannot tolerate standard intermittent hemodialysis.
3. Sustained Low Efficiency Daily Dialysis (SLEDD) equipment
SLEDD is a hybrid renal replacement therapy that combines features of both intermittent hemodialysis and CRRT. It provides extended dialysis sessions (usually 6-12 hours) at lower blood and dialysate flow rates compared to standard hemodialysis. SLEDD equipment at Apollo allows for customizable treatment durations and intensities, making it suitable for a wide range of patients, including those with hemodynamic instability.
4. Molecular Adsorbent Recirculating System (MARS) for combined kidney and liver failure
MARS is an advanced extracorporeal liver support system designed for patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure or acute liver failure, often accompanied by kidney dysfunction. It combines hemodialysis with albumin dialysis to remove both water-soluble and albumin-bound toxins. The system uses a specialized albumin-containing dialysate that is regenerated through multiple adsorbent columns, allowing for efficient removal of liver toxins.
Research & Case Studies
Apollo Institute of Nephrology is dedicated to advancing kidney care through innovative research and comprehensive case studies. Our Nephrology Research & Case Studies focus on improving treatment protocols, enhancing patient outcomes, and contributing to the global body of knowledge in renal health.
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Patient Journey
At Apollo Institute of Nephrology, we support patients through every step of their kidney care journey, providing guidance from the first consultation to long-term recovery. Our approach ensures a smooth and reassuring experience, with personalized attention at each stage.
Insurance & Financial Information
At Apollo Institute of Nephrology, we understand that managing kidney health is essential, and we're committed to helping patients receive top-quality renal care without financial worries. That's why we work with leading insurance providers to make our nephrology services accessible and affordable.Insurance Coverage for Kidney Care
Apollo Institute of Nephrology partners with several major insurance companies to offer coverage for a wide range of kidney treatments and procedures. This includes access to our state-of-the-art facilities, advanced testing, and expert nephrology care. Here are some of the insurance companies we work with: View All Insurances
Apollo Institute of Nephrology partners with several major insurance companies to offer coverage for a wide range of kidney treatments and procedures. This includes access to our state-of-the-art facilities, advanced testing, and expert nephrology care. Here are some of the insurance companies we work with: View All Insurances
International Patient Services
Comprehensive Support for Global Patients
Apollo Institute of Nephrology offers a complete range of services for international patients seeking kidney care, making every step smooth and stress-free—from planning your treatment to your recovery journey. Here's how we support you:
Apollo Institute of Nephrology offers a complete range of services for international patients seeking kidney care, making every step smooth and stress-free—from planning your treatment to your recovery journey. Here's how we support you:
- Pre-Arrival Support
- During Your Stay
- Post-Treatment Care
Pre-Arrival Support
Before you arrive, we help you plan and prepare for your visit:
- Medical Documentation Review: Our team reviews your medical records to understand your needs and create a treatment plan.
- Treatment Planning: We design a personalized care plan tailored to your specific kidney condition.
- Cost Estimates: We provide transparent cost estimates to help you plan financially.
Visa Assistance: We assist with visa requirements and provide documentation to support your medical travel.
During Your Stay
While you are at Apollo Institute of Nephrology, we make sure you and your family feel fully supported:
- Dedicated Coordinators: You'll have a personal care coordinator to guide you through every step of your stay.
- Language Support: Trained interpreters are available to help you communicate clearly with your healthcare team in your preferred language.
- Cultural Considerations: We respect cultural needs and provide services that align with your preferences.
- Family Accommodation: We assist with finding comfortable accommodation options for your family.
Regular Updates: Our team provides updates on your treatment and recovery to keep both you and your family informed.
Post-Treatment Care
After your treatment, we continue to support you to ensure a successful recovery:
- Follow-Up Planning: We arrange follow-up appointments and consultations to monitor your recovery.
- Telemedicine Options: You can stay connected with our nephrologists through virtual consultations.
- Coordination with Home Country Physicians: We collaborate with your local doctor to ensure you receive consistent care.
Digital Health Records: Access your medical records online for easy sharing and future care needs.
Locations
- » Specialized nephrology facilities across India
- » Standardized protocols across locations
- » Standardized protocols across locations
- » Easy access to expert kidney care nationwide
Success Stories & Patient Testimonials
Experience the inspiring journeys of patients who found hope, healing, and care at Apollo Hospitals.
When I was 50 in 2010, my surgeon Dr. Paul Ramesh told me that if I if I chose medicinal aid it will be palliative but choosing bypass surgery will be more curative. The one memorable line which made me decide on surgery was
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R. Natarajan., Chennai
Many Thanks to Dr Manish Samson for guiding and explaining the entire process of BTKR when we came first for consultation. Dr Manish was recommended to us by our family internally. His friendly approach and honest suggestions
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Mr. Chintamani Khanvilkar,
"I was shocked to know that I weighed 348 kgs when I measured myself on arrival at Apollo Hospitals and was suffering from severe sleep apnoea, arthritis and compulsive eating habits. I was rejected as a candidate fit for sur
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Mr. Sanjey Dey, Guwahati
"Being a chef, I had become a compulsive and voracious eater for the last decade and gained around 60 kgs since. I developed Diabetes very early in life and for the last 2 years am on drugs for my high BP. Bariatric surgery c
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Mr. Satheesh Krishnan, Hyderabad
Milestones & Achievements
Pioneers in Kidney Care
Health Blogs
Stay informed with expert-written health blogs covering prevention, treatments, lifestyle tips, and medical advancements.
February 18, 2025
5 Natural Home Remedies for Kidney Stones
A kidney stone is a hard, crystalline mineral material formed within the kidney or the urinary tract. The urinary tract includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. Kidney stone is also known as renal calculus or nephrolith in medical terms. Kidney stones are known to be one of the most painful medical condition.
Kidney stones are normally filtered through the kidney and exit our body through urine. Sometimes, due to dehydration, the salts don’t dissolve and crystallization takes place. These crystals grow large enough to obstruct the renal ducts or get stuck in the ureter, causing sharp and severe pain in the urinary tract.
There are many causes for the formation of kidney stones. Dehydration is the most common factor. Drinking at least 8 to 10 glasses of water daily keeps yourself hydrated and reduces the risk of kidney stones formation. Diet and hereditary factors are also related to stone formation. The pain caused due to stones can be very severe and typically comes in waves lasting from 20 minutes to 60 minutes.
By following some simple natural remedies, you can help soothe the discomfort of kidney stones and speed up the body’s natural healing process.
Basil Leaves
Basil leaves (Tulsi) is generally good for the overall health of the kidneys. Mix one teaspoon of juice from basil leaves with 1 teaspoon of honey and drink it daily in the morning. Chewing two to three basil leaves also helps in easing the kidney stone pain.
Watermelon
Water and potassium content of watermelon is an essential ingredient for a healthy kidney. Watermelon helps in regulating and maintaining the level of acid present in the urine. Eating watermelon or drinking its juice daily will help in natural dissolution of kidney stones.
Tomato juice
Drink a glass tomato juice with a pinch of salt and pepper every morning. This helps in dissolve the mineral salts in the kidney and prevents the salts from forming further stones.
Kidney beans
Kidney beans (Rajma) is an effective home remedy for kidney related problems. Remove the seeds from the pods and then boil the pods in purified hot water for an hour. Strain the liquid and leave it till it cools. Drink the liquid several times throughout the day to ease kidney stone pain.
Lemon juice
Lemon juice is rich in citric acid that helps break down the calcium-based kidney stones. Drinking two to three glasses of lemon juice daily will increase the volume of urination and natural removal of stones through urine.
The remedies listed above are not intended to completely replace the medical care. They are meant to ease the pain. If you are experiencing severe pain, consult a Nephrologist immediately.
Book an Appointment with Our Nephrologist
References:
https://www.askapollo.com/diseases/kidney-stones https://www.apollohospitals.com/patient-care/health-and-lifestyle/understanding-investigations/kidney-function-tests/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p4S8LCrGzBQhttps://www.apollohospitals.com/departments/transplantation/organ-specific-transplant-care/kidney/kidney-transplantation-facts/
February 18, 2025
How is quality of life after a kidney transplant?
How is quality of life after a kidney transplant?
It is a known fact that India’s organ donation rate is one of the lowest in the world for both living and cadaver donors. One of the major reasons for this aremyths associated with the procedure. However, it is vital for us to understand that living donors can lead normal lives after the surgery and even go through an extensive selection process that ensures their well-being post-transplant.
The donor candidate is carefully evaluated by lab tests, a physical examination, and a psycho-social examination to ensure that he/she is healthy todonate, and is making an informed decision. As a result, the risk of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) among donors is low. However, there may be a small increase in the risk of preeclampsia, hypertension, and metabolic diseases such as gout.
Most surgeons generally advise women to complete planned childbearing prior to kidney donation. It has been observed that living kidney donation can increase the risk of gestational hypertension and preeclampsia in some donors, compared toother similarly healthy women. In general, donors demonstrate good quality of life and have a low rate of donation-related regret.
February 18, 2025
What are the various ways to remove kidney stones?
A kidney stone is a small, hard rock-like substance that forms on the walls of the kidney. It is a common condition that is usually short-lived. Fortunately, it is a treatable condition and usually leaves no permanent damage.
What is a kidney stone?
Kidney stones, otherwise known as Urolithiasis, are small, hard deposits made of minerals such as calcium and salts. When these minerals and salts build up on the walls of your kidney over time, they become stones that remain in the kidney or are passed via urine. Passing these stones can be very painful.
What are the types of kidney stones?
There are four types of kidney stones:
Calcium stones.Most kidney stones fall under this category. Calcium stones are composed of calcium oxalate. Dietary factors, certain types of disorders, and intestinal bypass surgery can increase the concentration of both calcium and oxalate in your urine. Sometimes, calcium stones may come in the form of calcium phosphate. This usually occurs as a result of metabolic disorders and certain medications.Struvite stones.Struvite stones usually occur as a result of a urinary tract infection. These stones may enlarge rapidly, usually with little to no warnings.Cystine stones. People with a hereditary disorder called cystinuria are at risk of developing this type of kidney stones. Cystinuria is a condition in which the kidney secretes excess amounts of a specific amino acid.Uric acid stones. People with a metabolic condition, diabetes, and genetic factors, those who eat high fiber foods, and those who lose too much fluid due to a condition are at risk of developing uric acid stones.
What are the symptoms of kidney stones?
Kidney stones, especially small ones, usually go unnoticed until they move around in your kidney or pass into your ureters. If they lodge in the ureters, it may block the urine flow, causing your ureter to spasm and your kidney to swell. Following such developments, you may experience these symptoms:
Sharp and intense pain in your side and backPain that radiates to your abdomen and groinPerspirationPain under your ribsPain that comes in wavesPain that varies in intensityPain or a burning sensation when you urinatePink, brown, or red urineHematuria (blood in your urine)Cloudy urineFoul-smelling urineA persistent urge to urinatePassing small amounts of urineUrine infectionNauseaFever and chills
When should I visit a doctor?
If you notice signs of kidney stones, consult a medical professional immediately to avoid progression. Be particularly wary of the following symptoms:
HematuriaDifficulty moving or sittingDifficulty passing urineNausea and vomiting accompanied by pain.
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What is the diagnosis of kidney stones?
The diagnostic tests for kidney stones are:
Imaging. Kidney stones in your urinary tract can be discovered by imaging tests. High-speed or dual-energy CT scans can reveal even small stones. An abdominal X-ray is rarely used because it can miss tiny stones. Ultrasound, which is easy to perform, is another imaging test that can be used to diagnose kidney stones.Blood tests. Blood tests may reveal the presence of too much calcium and/or uric acid in your bloodstream. Additionally, they can monitor the health of your kidneys, which may lead your doctor to check for other conditions.Urine tests.The urine tests may indicate the presence of too many stone-forming substances or too few stone-preventing compounds in your urine. For this test, you may have to provide two urine samples over two consecutive days.Analysis of passed stones. For this test, you will have to urinate through a strainer to collect stones that you pass. Analysis of these samples will reveal the makeup of your stones. This information can be used to determine the cause of your kidney stones.
How are kidney stones treated?
The treatment administered for kidney stones varies based on the size of the stones.
Small stones. These stones do not usually require invasive treatments. They can be solved by:Drinking water. Ensure that you are drinking between 1.8-3 liters of water every day. This can help dilute your urine and prevent the formation of stones in your kidney.Taking pain relievers.Passing a stone, even if it is small, can be extremely painful. To alleviate this pain, take a prescribed painkiller such as ibuprofen or naproxen sodium.Medical therapy.Alpha-blockers such as tamsulosin and the combination of dutasteride and tamsulosin can help relax the muscles in the ureter and reduce pain when passing out a kidney stone.Large stones.These stones cause blockage, infections, bleeding, and pain. They have to be removed by invasive procedures such as:Sound waves. Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, commonly called ESWL, is a procedure used to break up certain kidney stones using sound waves. ESWL uses these waves to propagate shock waves that break the stones into very small particles that can be passed out through urine. This procedure takes about 45 to 60 minutes and can be moderately painful. Therefore, you will be under light anesthesia. ESWL may cause hematuria, bleeding in the kidney and other organs nearby, bruising on the back or abdomen, and discomfort as the broken particles pass out.Surgery. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy involves removing a kidney stone by a surgical procedure. Small telescopes and instruments will be inserted into your body through an incision in your back. You will receive general anesthesia during the procedure. You may have to stay in the hospital for two days as you recover. This procedure is usually recommended only if ESWL is unsuccessful.Using a scope to remove stones. To remove a tiny stone, a ureteroscope (a thin tube equipped with a light source and a camera) will be passed through your urethra to your ureter. After the stone is located, special tools are used to break it into smaller particles that will pass out through your urine. After this procedure, a small tube will be placed in your ureter to promote healing.Treating hyperparathyroidism. Too much parathyroid hormone released by overactive parathyroid glands can cause your calcium levels to increase too much, and kidney stones may develop as an effect. Treating this condition can prevent kidney stones from developing.
How can I prevent kidney stones?
Kidney stones can be prevented by:
Drinking a lot of waterMaintaining a healthy diet and lifestyle.Consuming less salt
Conclusion
Kidney stones may be mild or serious, depending on their size and development. Getting an early treatment can prevent a lot of pain and serious complications in the future.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
What are the complications of kidney stone treatment?
Following the treatment of large kidney stones, certain complications may arise. They are:
Sepsis. Sepsis is a life-threatening condition that is triggered by an infection.A blocked ureterA urinary tract infectionBleedingAn injury to your urinary system.What are the risk factors for kidney stones?
The risk factors for kidney stones are:
History of having kidney stonesGeneticsObesityA diet rich in salt, calcium, and high-fiber foodsDehydrationDisease and infections in the digestive and/or urinary system.Certain medication.What are the causes of kidney stones?
There is no single cause for kidney stones. They may develop as a result of many factors. It usually occurs when minerals and salts crystallize on the walls of the kidney. Later, they develop into small, hard stones. It may also be caused by certain medicines and infections.
February 18, 2025
What Is Good For the Kidney Function?
The main functions of kidney
In this article, we’ll discuss the function of the kidney and how does it work? The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs in our lower abdomen. They pass liquid body waste through urine and also filter blood to keep it clean.
Key functions of the kidney include:
Maintaining overall body fluid balance
Circulating and filtering waste from the blood
Filtering waste from food and toxic substances from our body
It helps produce red blood cells
Release hormone that regulates blood pressure
Initiate Vitamin D to maintain healthy bones
Keeping a balance of minerals in the blood
Each kidney contains about 1 million nephrons, which are responsible for the right and left kidney function. They take blood vessels, filter and help pass waste through urine and send back blood to the heart.
The Main Risk Factors for kidney diseases are:
Diabetes
High Blood Pressure
Genetic/ Family history of kidney disease
Cardiovascular disease
Here are a few additional risk factors:
Age 60 years or older
Obesity
Low birth weight
Taking painkillers or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for a long time
Lumps or autoimmune disorders
Chronic urinary tract infection
Kidney stones
Kidneys perform various important works for our body to be stable and healthy, but due to the toxins and wastes they encounter, the kidney may get infected with various problems.
Some of them are:
Chronic kidney disease
Kidney failure
Kidney stone
Urinary tract infections
Uremia
Kidney cysts
Nephrotic syndrome
Glomerulonephritis
Polycystic kidney disease
As the kidney is in direct contact with toxins and wastes so it gets affected, here is how we can understand whether the kidney has a problem. It’s important to eat a balanced diet and stay hydrated to promote kidney function and maintain overall health.
Common symptoms for kidney diseases or warning signs are:
Fatigue
Blood in urine
Foamy urine
Swelling in ankle and foot
Dry or itchy skin
Muscle cramps
Puffiness around the eyes
Increased or decreased urine
Inability to concentrate
Low appetite
Trouble sleeping
These are a few common symptoms which suspect a person to have a kidney problem. In case you notice any of the symptoms, contact a nephrologist or urologist. Depending on your situation, the doctor may do a kidney function test to make a diagnosis.
The kidneys are important organs that affect many body parts directly including the heart so keeping them healthy is one of the important work to do.
February 18, 2025
Kidney Biopsy
What is Kidney Biopsy?A kidney biopsy, also known as a renal biopsy, is a medical procedure in which a small sample of kidney tissue is removed and examined under a microscope. This procedure is typically performed to diagnose or monitor kidney conditions, allowing doctors to determine the cause of kidney problems, assess the severity of the disease, and guide treatment decisions.Why is it Done?A kidney biopsy is performed to diagnose and monitor kidney conditions.Unexplained Kidney Problems: When the cause of kidney dysfunction is unclear, a biopsy can help determine the underlying issue.Blood or Protein in the Urine: Persistent blood (hematuria) or protein (proteinuria) in the urine may indicate kidney disease.Acute Kidney Injury: To identify the cause of sudden loss of kidney function.Chronic Kidney Disease: To assess the severity and progression of kidney disease.Transplant Monitoring: To evaluate the health of a transplanted kidney and detect signs of rejection.Suspected Kidney Tumors: To diagnose or rule out kidney cancer.How is a Kidney Biopsy Done?1. Preparation: The patient lies on their stomach, and a local anesthetic is applied to numb the area where the biopsy needle will be inserted. In some cases, mild sedation may be given to help the patient relax.2. Imaging Guidance: Ultrasound or CT scan is used to locate the kidney and guide the biopsy needle to the precise spot for tissue sampling.3. Needle Insertion: A special biopsy needle is inserted through the skin into the kidney. The doctor then removes a small sample of kidney tissue using this needle. The patient may be asked to hold their breath for a few seconds during the needle insertion to ensure the kidney remains still.4. Sample Collection: One or more samples of kidney tissue are collected and sent to a laboratory for analysis.5. Post-Procedure Care: After the biopsy, pressure is applied to the biopsy site to stop any bleeding. The area is then bandaged, and the patient is monitored for a few hours.A kidney biopsy is generally not painful due to the use of local anesthesia, which numbs the area where the needle is inserted. However, patients may feel some pressure or discomfort when the needle is inserted into the kidney.Kidney Biopsy Risks and ComplicationsBleeding: The most common complication, which may occur at the biopsy site or internally. Most bleeding is minor, but in rare cases, a blood transfusion or additional procedures may be needed.Infection: Although rare, there is a risk of infection at the biopsy site or within the kidney.Pain: Some patients experience pain or discomfort at the biopsy site, which usually resolves within a few days.Damage to Nearby Structures: The needle could potentially damage nearby organs or blood vessels, though this is uncommon.Recovery After a Kidney BiopsyRest: Rest for at least 24 hours after the biopsy, avoiding strenuous activities and heavy lifting for about a week.Monitor for Complications: Watch for signs of complications, such as severe pain, heavy bleeding, difficulty urinating, or signs of infection like fever or chills.Follow-up Care: Attend follow-up appointments to discuss biopsy results and any necessary treatment.A kidney biopsy is a valuable diagnostic tool that provides critical insights into the health of the kidneys. While the procedure involves some risks, it is generally safe and helps guide effective treatment plans. If your doctor recommends a kidney biopsy, it’s important to understand the procedure, its purpose, and what to expect during recovery.
February 18, 2025
7 Signs of Kidney Cancer that You Should Know
The kidney is one of the most crucial functioning organs in your body. It is a bean-shaped fist-sized object that filters out enough blood to fill in a large bathtub. They are very critical. However, the amazing fact about the kidney is – even if one is damaged, you can survive on the other.
Your kidney is prone to many diseases and conditions, and one of the major threats to your kidney is – Renal Cell Adenocarcinoma, also known as kidney cancer. Early detection can be great in treating the condition. So, it is highly crucial to keep an eye on the symptoms. Although there is no proven cause for kidney cancer, several things, including smoking, being overweight, and eating poorly, can raise your risk.
If you think you might be at risk for kidney cancer, visit the Apollo Hospitals, Karnataka, and consult the top kidney doctors and oncologists. They will provide you with a necessary understanding of your medical condition, along with multiple treatment options if required.
7 Signs of Kidney Cancer
Below are seven major signs and symptoms of kidney cancer –
Hematuria (Blood in Urine)
Even the slightest tinge of blood in your urine is a sure-shot symptom of a kidney condition – if not cancer, it might be an infection. Thus, you must immediately consult the doctor and get it checked.
Lower Back Pain
Unusual aches and pains are typically a normal part of becoming older, but they can occasionally represent kidney cancer’s early warning symptoms. Kidney cancer symptoms in its advanced stages can include lower back or side pain. Knowing that the sort of pain is different from ordinary muscular pain – more like a sharp stabbing sensation that can last for several days as a dull ache might be beneficial.
Scrotum Swelling
Varicocele, often known as bulging veins in the scrotum, can arise suddenly in men. The blood supply to the scrotum may be hampered due to kidney cancer.
Fatigue
The purpose of the kidneys is to instruct the body to make red blood cells. This information is not transmitted if a tumour is present in the renal or urinary system, which results in decreased production of RBC and might cause anaemia. This could also make you feel worn out, but remember that cancer tiredness differs from regular fatigue. Thus, even after a restful night’s sleep, it makes you feel extremely weak and prevents you from performing simple tasks without running out of energy. When you feel this strange fatigue, consult the experienced oncologists and other concerned medical experts at Apollo Hospitals, Karnataka.
Intermittent Fever
You should have your fever checked if it persists for a few weeks without being accompanied by flu-like symptoms.
Sudden Weight Loss
A warning sign of cancer progressing is sudden appetite or weight loss. This symptom in the case of kidney carcinoma can be a sign that the disease has progressed to other organs.
Lumps in the AbdomenAnother fairly typical symptom, this one, feels like a hard, dense protrusion under the skin and can occur in the front/back of the abdomen. Despite being a typical symptom, it does not manifest in the early stages.
How is Kidney Cancer Diagnosed?
Doctors usually recommend doing the following tests –
Urine Test
Blood is checked in a sample of your urine. Testing urine samples can reveal even minute blood traces undetectable to the naked eye.
Blood Test
These tests look at various electrolytes in your body and the quantity of each type of blood cell. A blood test can reveal anaemia (too few red blood cells) or decreased renal function (by checking the creatinine level).
Ultrasound
This examination produces images on a monitor using high-frequency sound waves to pass through bodily tissues. Because tumours differ in density from healthy tissues, this test is useful for finding them.
CT ScanThis particular X-ray uses a computer to produce several images or slices of your body’s interior. Dyes are frequently injected intravenously during this procedure. Getting administered with dye for testing might not be an option for those with compromised kidney function.
MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)This test uses a powerful magnet, radio waves, and a computer to create images of the interior of your body.
Renal Mass Biopsy
In this process, a tiny sample of your tissue is taken (biopsied) and put into the tumour using a thin needle. A pathologist will examine the collected tissue under a microscope to determine whether the tissue contains any cancer cells. Your healthcare practitioner might or might not advise this test due to the unreliability of kidney cancer biopsies.
How is Kidney Cancer Treated?
The course of treatment for kidney cancer is determined by the size & stage of the tumour, as well as your age and general health. The highly experienced & board-certified team of medical experts from various disciplines at Apollo Hospitals, Karnataka, curate a personalised treatment course for the patient. It might include surgery, ablation, radiation therapy, targeted medication therapy, immunotherapy, and occasionally chemotherapy alternatives.
At Apollo Hospitals, we provide precise diagnoses & highly effective treatment options to our patients, getting the desired medical outcomes with high success rates. It’s crucial to get your yearly wellness exams done and call your doctor when you notice any strange symptoms.
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Frequently Asked Questions on Nephrology Insurance
1
Does insurance cover the full cost of dialysis?
Many insurance plans cover a significant portion of dialysis costs, but coverage can vary. Some plans may require co-payments or have annual limits. We can help you understand your specific coverage and explore options if there are gaps.
2
How is kidney transplant coverage structured?
Kidney transplant coverage typically includes the evaluation process, the surgery itself, post-operative care, and anti-rejection medications. However, the duration of coverage for post-transplant medications can vary. We recommend reviewing your policy carefully and discussing any concerns with our financial counselors.
3
Are clinical trials covered by insurance?
Coverage for clinical trials can vary. Some plans cover routine care costs associated with clinical trials, while the trial sponsor often covers the cost of the investigational treatment. We can provide detailed information about coverage for specific trials you might be interested in.
4
What if I don't have insurance or my insurance doesn't cover all my treatment costs?
We offer various options for patients without insurance or with limited coverage. These may include payment plans, sliding scale fees based on income, and assistance in applying for government aid programs. Our goal is to ensure that financial concerns don't prevent you from receiving necessary care.
5
How can I estimate my out-of-pocket costs for kidney care?
Our financial counselors can provide estimates based on your insurance coverage and the expected course of treatment. We believe in transparency and will work with you to understand potential costs before beginning treatment.
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